本文目录
报考条件
具体学历、专业、工作年限要求如下:
免试条件
符合以上报名条件的人员,如果已经获得《建筑业企业一级项目经理资质证书》,并且符合下列条件之一,可以免试《建设工程经济》和《建设工程项目管理》2个科目,具体条件为:
1、出任过工程或者工程经济类高级专业技术岗位。
2、工程类或者工程经济类专科以上学历,且从事建设工程项目施工管理工作满二十年。
增项报考条件
一级建造师共有建筑工程、公路工程、铁路工程、民航机场工程、港口与航道工程、水利水电工程、市政公用工程、通信与广电工程、矿业工程和机电工程10个专业类别。
报考人员须已取得一级建造师资格证书方可报考,成绩当年有效。原“一级建造师相应专业考试”档案号不再使用。
一级建造师增项考试只要参加专业科目考试即可,不需要再考四科。
报名流程
第一步:考生注册
1.进入中国人事考试网,点击“网上报名”
第二步、登录报名网站
已有账号直接登录,新用户需先进行注册
第三步、核验并填写学历
要想通过学历核验,请注意:
①、必须使用学信网可查的真实学历。
②、学历上的身份证信息与注册时所填写的身份证信息必须一致。
③、学历信息填写完毕后,在24小时内自动与学信网对比完成核验。
第三步、处理与上传照片
准备好证件照
照片要求:近期彩色标准1寸,半身免冠正面证件照(尺寸25mm*35mm,像素295px*413px),照片底色背景为白色,JPG或JPEG格式。(2018年2月22日以前注册的用户无须更换照片)。
使用照片审核处理工具进行审核
1、下载安装“照片审核处理工具”【注意:请用电脑下载,并解压文件】
点击“照片审核处理工具”下载并解压文件到指定目录中,双击文件夹中的“PhotoProcess.exe”文件运行。操作方法详见目录中readme.doc文件和照片审核处理工具界面中相关说明。
2、点击“打开照片文件”按钮,选择打开源照片文件。
3、点击"保存照片文件"按钮保存审核合格后的照片文件到桌面(默认文件名为:报名照片.jpg)。
4、将保存后的"报名照片.jpg"文件作为报名照片上传至中国人事考试网报名系统。
照片要求
1、半身免冠正面证件照(白色底)证件电子照片,照片必须清晰完整;
2、电子照片需显示双肩、双耳,露双眉,不得上传全身照、风景照、生活照、背带(吊带)衫照、艺术照、侧面照等;
3、电子照片不得进行拉伸、美化等PS操作(照片比例与本人真实情况不符、照片经过美化操作等情况会影响考试期间身份核验);
4、电子照片文件类型为JPG或JPEG格式,字节大于30KB;
5、电子照片标准尺寸为尺寸25mm*35mm,像素295px*413px。
第四步:填报信息
选择省份
阅读报考须知
填写个人信息
填写个人信息时,一定要如实填写。填写完成之后一定要多检查几遍,再进行信息确认。如果在确认信息之后发现填写的信息有误,则不能自行修改。取消报名之后,才可以进行修改。所以为了避免不必要的麻烦,多检查几遍是最好的。
特别注意事项:该录入或更新报名信息时,如果已经通过某一科目且沉浸在有效期内的话,在通过了科目后会标注其通过时间。
此处需要注意:
①无论是否需要人工核验,都必须选择核查点。学历未通过在线核验的,去核查点人工核验;已通过的则不需要。
②先寻找本专业、相关专业内有没有自己的专业,如果有,点击选择即可,如果没有,选个类似专业,或直接选择第三类:除本专业和相近专业外的专业。
检查信息
第五步、选择报名办理方式
如果选择告知承诺制方式
确认报名信息,签署告知承诺书。
选择不采用告知承诺制方式
需要上传专业工作年限证明或进行现场审核。
第六步、等待审核
第七步、完成缴费
1、准备一张具有网上银行功能的网银卡;
2、进入网上缴费页面;(网上缴费入口,人事考试网都会有提示) ;
3、输入你的身份证号与报考号后点击确定;(报考号是以大写R开头的20位字母与数字组合) ;
’4、查看“照片审核意见”栏内说明,如审核通过,则可以点击页面下方的“在线交费”按钮;(如照片审核未通过,则不会出现此按钮);
5、支付成功后,如果看到“现缴费用栏”内出现“交费已经成功,XXXX核对支付”同时在线交费按钮消失,则表示交费成功;
6、如未能成功支付,则请检查你的银行卡是否已经具备网上支付功能,如何开通网上银行请致电各家银行服务热线。
考生缴费后应再次查询本人报考信息和缴费状态(网上缴费信息和银行卡扣款信息),确认本人符合报考条件、报考信息无误(特别注意报考级别、专业和科目务必准确)、缴费成功,并重新打印报名表备用。
按目前一建报名情况来看,整个报名流程简化了很多,而且放宽了很多。在报名时只需满足三大条件皆可报考:
①学历信息真实有效,学信网可查,与身份证相同。
②学历至少达到大专以上,选择好自己的工作年限使其符合要求。
③承诺自己的专业符合报考条件。
除了学历信息在线核验之外,工作年限、专业是否符合报考条件皆不进行审核,承诺即可。
关于考试
报考时间
一级建造师的报名时间方面并不固定,受到疫情和经济形势的影响,报名时间有推迟的去向。往年报名时间集中在6、7月份。2022年一级建造师的报名时间预计会在9月份。
考试时间
2022年一级建造师考试时间在11月19日、20日两天。
(1)11月19日9:00--11:00:建设工程经济;14:00-17:00:建设工程法规及相关知识。
(2)11月20日9:00--11:00:建设工程项目管理;14:00-17:00:专业工程管理与实务。
考试科目
一级建造师考试科目有4门,分别为建设工程经济、建设工程法规、建设工程管理以及专业工程管理和实务,其中前三名属于公共科目,最后一门是实务科目,需要注意是的,一级建造师考试成绩采用两年滚动,意思是四门科目两年过就能拿到证书。
一级建造师中的实务科目分是10个专业,分别是建筑工程、公路工程、铁路工程、民航机场工程、港口与水运工程、水利水电、市政公用、通信与广电、矿业工程、机电工程,考生在报考时可以根据工作需要和实际情况选择一个专业考试。
考试题型和分值
《建设工程经济》:单选题60道,1分/道;多选20道,2分/道。满分100分。
《建设工程项目管理》:单选题70道,1分/道;多选30道,2分/道。满分130分。
《建设工程法规及相关知识》:单选题70道,1分/道;多选30道,2分/道。满分130分。
《专业工程管理与实务》:单选题20道,1分/道;多选10道,2分/道;案例题5道,占120分。满分160分。
合格标准
《建设工程经济》:60分及格。
《建设工程项目管理》:78分及格。
《建设工程法规及相关知识》:78分及格。
《专业工程管理与实务》:96分及格。
考试形式
一级建造师考试以笔试的方式进行闭卷考试。实行统一大纲、统一命题、统一组织的考试制度,由人事部、建设部共同组织实施,每年举行一次考试。
成绩查询
登录人事网
官方网址:http://www.cpta.com.cn/,进入主界面后,点击主界面左边的”成绩查询“按钮:
进入成绩查询
输入身份证号、姓名、验证码三项,然后点击查询按钮:
选择考试时间
比如:2020年的一级建造师考试时间是9月,那就选择2020年9月,在右边选择一级建造师执业资格考试,点击进入。
显示成绩界面
证书领取
证书领取时间
一级建造师考试结束到拿到证书差不多要半年的时间,一建考试结束三个月后要发布成绩,之后两个月需要提交办理证书的相关资料和手续,一切结束后还要等两三个月,一建证书才会下发,具体一建证书的领取时间可以看官网的通知。
领取证书资料
本人领取须持本人身份证原件、二寸免冠证件照片、准考证原件。如果是代领,代领人须持本人身份证原件及上述要求的证件。考生的一建成绩通过,领取证书时人事考试院会有通知,或在官网发布,或以信件形式通知,因此想要领取通知,要以官方的通知为准。
证书领书方式
遗失准考证的考生,必须本人自行领取,其他人不得代领。如果本人知道档案号的,领取时请出示身份证;如果忘记了档案号,可到人才考评中心现场查询,并携带考生身份证前来领取。
个人领取
如果是个人领取,需要凭本人有效身份证原件或成绩单领取,成绩单在查询成绩时可以直接打印。
代领
如果是他人或单位代领,需要考生凭代领人及持证人有效身份证原件,需要注意的是,有些省禁止他人代领。
邮寄
部分地区会有证书邮寄、单位代领服务,可见不同地区一级建造师证的领取方式不相同,具体要看所在地区的规定。如果是邮寄的话,需要考生在网络自己申请。
备考方法
备考时间
合理安排好备考的时间显得尤为重要,若时间精力不足可提早准备考试,将备考战线适当拉长,根据自身情况制定个性化备考策略和各阶段复习计划。
一建考试复习时间大概在400~600小时(按550个小时算,如果每天5个小时学习,那么大概需要3-4个月准备,如果每天只有3个小时学习,那么大概需要7-8个月准备)。总体时间分配建议:经济20%,法规20%,管理20%,实务40%。
备考计划
一级建造师考试共四科,分为公共课(经济、法规、管理)和专业实务课。专业实务课是重中之重,其中绝大部分人没有通过一建考试,都是挂在这一科上了。实务与公共课难度排名:实务>管理>经济>法规,实务至少上要花费70%甚至更多的精力去复习。
第一步、视频刷课,打牢基础
想要快速通过一级建造师考试,网络课程是必不可少的。通过网络视频老师的讲解,可以快速抓住重点,实现书本的减负。而且网络课程学习相对比较灵活,能够重复进行学习加强印象,在网络课程的学习中大家必须做好重点的标记。
建议所有视频都是1.5倍速听,因为大家时间都很有限,没有必要听那么慢,第一遍主要的目的就是让大家对所有课程框架有了解,对课程内容熟悉和理解。这个时间大概150小时。
第二步、整理笔记,巩固学习
通过网络课程的学习,把书本中的重点基本上标记出来,可以利用思维导图整理一份自己的学习笔记,将所有的知识点进行网格化、逻辑化,形成自己知识架构体系。这里所有视频课程2倍速听,听完一节、整理一节,接下来的工作就是逐章的进行复习,每复习完一章后同步做题加强印象,巩固学习成果。这个时间大概200小时,大家必须自己动手进行总结,才能有巩固学习的效果。
第三步、题海训练,强化记忆
光看书,不做题,就会导致不知道自己哪块薄弱,所以一建考生备考做习题是必不可少的,一定要做习题,选择真题最好,因为历年真题可以反应出题老师的想法,可以推断出老师的出题风格和习惯,和其他杂七杂八的习题集相比,对考试起到的帮助更多。
这个阶段就要疯狂刷题,这个时间大概100小时。在四个科目都可以做题达到及格线上下时,就可以开始进入这个刷题阶段了。方法就是用APP疯狂刷题,根据APP的统计:错了1次的题目没关系,心里记住就可以。错了2次以上的题目,你就要把这个知识点记到你的笔记里去了。同时,在刷题过程中,每周至少把自己四个科目的笔记全部过一遍,加深印象。
目前有很多手机APP支持一建刷题、自动统计通过率、知识点统计、错题梳理等功能,非常方便,对于上班族来说十分有用,这样我们就可以在上下班以及其他碎片时间里拿出手机来刷十几道题,工作学习两不误。比较推荐的是建造师随身学、一建万题库,大家可以根据需要自己尝试。
第四步、模拟考试,冲刺提升
经过前期的学习,最后阶段就是不断模拟考试。通过真题、模拟题来巩固知识点,强化做题的感觉。由于3门公共课都是选择题,通过做5年内的真题再配合老师所讲的知识点,基本能够搞清楚常考知识点;实务课,必须选择题和公共课类似,简答题需要不断抄写记忆,计算题和画图题,需要不断做题来提高。
3门公共课,把近5年的真题模拟考试,练到什么程度?就是所有考试卷,利用一半时间,就可以得到90%的正确分数。例如,经济,在1个小时内,5年的真题都可以90分以上。实务课,仅仅做真题还是不够的,在做完真题的基础上,必须通过模拟题进行全面训练,模拟考试最好按照4小时进行,这样可以全面的接近实战训练,注意做题速度,把握考试时间,让自己在考前做到心中有数。
最后,需要明白的是:进入社会之后,考试取证是我们给自己镀金的一种行之有效的方法。同时,通过备考,保持自己的学习能力,在这个充满变数的年代,让自己能时刻充满战斗力,这将是让我们受益一生的行为。所以,无论你最后能否通过考试,也不要气馁,不要放弃,老天会善待每一个努力的人。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"建造师是指从事建设工程项目总承包和施工管理关键岗位的执业注册人员。一级建造师,是建设工程行业的一种执业资格,是担任大型工程项目经理的前提条件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnITvWg4QynVjRYflmi8ShLf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"背景信息","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWwiCF62qEX2dFZJzWfFhEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级建造师是指经通过一级建造师考试,取得一级建造师执业资格证书,依法注册后,担任建设工程项目施工的项目经理、从事其他施工活动的管理工作,或者法律、行政法规或国务院建设行政主管部门规定的其他业务的专业技术人员。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpvmQrsLqwW6zEJpPDxD12c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":378,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"背景信息","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c2ac542ee752490e844d6413c5297805","width":550},"text":"","id":"doxcnAhuMkk7JOVF1FTWI7pjcVb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnASb2xMQUgoRznZkZuTk0bf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体学历、专业、工作年限要求如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpBA6ozebfTDm7t9DiGHu2d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":154,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ec9b50ee1ee4c42b4ac623fbc137ee4","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnsfuJMQCtHS6MooKSeI4FGh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"免试条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNL2lsDAQmU3G4lEqoBaa7O"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"符合以上报名条件的人员,如果已经获得《建筑业企业一级项目经理资质证书》,并且符合下列条件之一,可以免试《建设工程经济》和《建设工程项目管理》2个科目,具体条件为:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0aXYOm39GwbV2X2iw4uL6o"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、出任过工程或者工程经济类高级专业技术岗位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny4MFrCuHlwWa2fVyXclJac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、工程类或者工程经济类专科以上学历,且从事建设工程项目施工管理工作满二十年。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnepOXNouR1unCTk80DlER7K"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"增项报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIHdpcxHmuzT542BPos5l4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级建造师共有建筑工程、公路工程、铁路工程、民航机场工程、港口与航道工程、水利水电工程、市政公用工程、通信与广电工程、矿业工程和机电工程10个专业类别。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlxPBQxYlzWavz07MRXA3vd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考人员须已取得一级建造师资格证书方可报考,成绩当年有效。原“一级建造师相应专业考试”档案号不再使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpdC7e55A54FmVLR8jzwRRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一级建造师增项考试只要参加专业科目考试即可,不需要再考四科。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn3P99V2s0feqYCgKkcE3fqd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":272,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"增项报考条件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3036ae6f67804bba88d20f01be907647","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnHw695Efdy7Sz9CHNtCav1c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxazraeupyk3bbZa3jQ3sYe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第一步:考生注册","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLq5NjPWW40zAdsYSiWsfnb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.进入中国人事考试网,点击“网上报名”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSB1CV71WZUyRs8nsCmstEg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":362,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ba830c0b582044679ed8426a3e1d09c4","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnxZ5BCTYpBGMAFkZ0lehdrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第二步、登录报名网站","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOs9sUYeZRJrzKBXtaCC4pf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已有账号直接登录,新用户需先进行注册","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXDi9MwnpsayIu6eCcodO1e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":334,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/377f4b5042de4fc9b5734d4202b17280","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnXs4gVkjIm8rj7KiIh3nzYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第三步、核验并填写学历","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHoIyZwXrEEjXCMB2ueep3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要想通过学历核验,请注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXcOTQYAtkwp15MbYbkgmWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①、必须使用学信网可查的真实学历。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnn4MyB0oPhUv7oYidGOd14b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②、学历上的身份证信息与注册时所填写的身份证信息必须一致。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYis8olmncRhnRof0VX58yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③、学历信息填写完毕后,在24小时内自动与学信网对比完成核验。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn87LouC7xn0cHDBwzenjCBb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":757,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1e7c1f31b6594fca9ea39df259599a8c","width":1609},"text":"","id":"doxcnHXestINippUBRxmqeJT28d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"ty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2、进入网上缴费页面;(网上缴费入口,人事考试网都会有提示) ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkHLjWy05IyFJ2MSPoEYFtf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、输入你的身份证号与报考号后点击确定;(报考号是以大写R开头的20位字母与数字组合) ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYzdDqfUTcd2nUZ5CYPnW3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"’4、查看“照片审核意见”栏内说明,如审核通过,则可以点击页面下方的“在线交费”按钮;(如照片审核未通过,则不会出现此按钮);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuE5QOpf6d1Chx1e3NlhurU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 5、支付成功后,如果看到“现缴费用栏”内出现“交费已经成功,XXXX核对支付”同时在线交费按钮消失,则表示交费成功;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGTNhovLN7pMb40xLv6hhcc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、如未能成功支付,则请检查你的银行卡是否已经具备网上支付功能,如何开通网上银行请致电各家银行服务热线。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbsfwxR6YptQsNoMwTdENLJ"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":415,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e605a51668f14c3f86c4eb771ab0346a","width":986},"text":"","id":"doxcnwLnFl3vVgcVlPSQ10KaWYA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考生缴费后应再次查询本人报考信息和缴费状态(网上缴费信息和银行卡扣款信息),确认本人符合报考条件、报考信息无误(特别注意报考级别、专业和科目务必准确)、缴费成功,并重新打印报名表备用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnP5QaP03Hw0xc8E644bahie"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6475e6451ae64060a1bac5860ec94cc0","width":460},"text":"","id":"doxcnu11Y7xg9cbOycrJrmrZJAG"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按目前一建报名情况来看,整个报名流程简化了很多,而且放宽了很多。在报名时只需满足三大条件皆可报考:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMeW6VRYcgb3gKoRvyFkqMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①学历信息真实有效,学信网可查,与身份证相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVV1sjAFXvKRd5Z2s0R43if"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②学历至少达到大专以上,选择好自己的工作年限使其符合要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRuH1ay4P0eXtapOgja3azf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③承诺自己的专业符合报考条件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlSXF8R58oJc21BRky4DWEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了学历信息在线核验之外,工作年限、专业是否符合报考条件皆不进行审核,承诺即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniOnapGdjyUD15ozF5glzJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于考试","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZLuTzOmWBsgb8c2YeE09Vh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFJ1XJCFuM2pM2ToS1DTxxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级建造师的报名时间方面并不固定,受到疫情和经济形势的影响,报名时间有推迟的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"去向","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。往年报名时间集中在6、7月份。2022年一级建造师的报名时间预计会在9月份。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn17ZcmXKEALHXvZPpgVomwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoZILPNACy9MbQibcgrif2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2022年一级建造师考试时间在11月19日、20日两天。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOCqW7rCPfrggnevJa7IPVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)11月19日9:00--11:00:建设工程经济;14:00-17:00:建设工程法规及相关知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSoJkifwCyu8QqvDy96RbNr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)11月20日9:00--11:00:建设工程项目管理;14:00-17:00:专业工程管理与实务。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnR7EAnCt20KoKU9eEapumB2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnARKbuAFm9Kp0O3B1hIFd8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级建造师考试科目有4门,分别为建设工程经济、建设工程法规、建设工程管理以及专业工程管理和实务,其中前三名属于公共科目,最后一门是实务科目,需要注意是的,一级建造师考试成绩采用两年滚动,意思是四门科目两年过就能拿到证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZmUXDpL9pW9sTEYBfQGS1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级建造师中的实务科目分是10个专业,分别是建筑工程、公路工程、铁路工程、民航机场工程、港口与水运工程、水利水电、市政公用、通信与广电、矿业工程、机电工程,考生在报考时可以根据工作需要和实际情况选择一个专业考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkXJiY0wXA9492hdTa2qV7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试题型和分值","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndyzMlK8C5mHZQD7HBhaoWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程经济》:单选题60道,1分/道;多选20道,2分/道。满分100分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKFdmkhgzC7ao8b3yf2o2sh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程项目管理》:单选题70道,1分/道;多选30道,2分/道。满分130分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnp2VQp1NZW6BDKapcmQIrlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程法规及相关知识》:单选题70道,1分/道;多选30道,2分/道。满分130分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8vpM0SjO6OrKkfNOZtEptg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《专业工程管理与实务》:单选题20道,1分/道;多选10道,2分/道;案例题5道,占120分。满分160分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBXcU3pRFe23YID5IBYNyIe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"合格标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxtbVDTT4rvlC2GHfqsLJaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程经济》:60分及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna1HmLutGOB4AzUHBlWxlBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程项目管理》:78分及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlzFf1oF2b6XiJpwD0EHiAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程法规及相关知识》:78分及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbuKkfy4e23ZkifxoIe30mh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《专业工程管理与实务》:96分及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLH2R4YNeyp2l3krTSwlv0m"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试形式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLcLhDl3iWhSsVmbOsnKHBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级建造师考试以笔试的方式进行闭卷考试。实行统一大纲、统一命题、统一组织的考试制度,由人事部、建设部共同组织实施,每年举行一次考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnakOlIdXv9mhvsVWAHmlCZe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成绩查询","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnl8uYBKqYZvpQeBvuFbd6Ig"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"登录人事网","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna1OfDif9jpvvZ0JLoYpZPE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"官方网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://www.cpta.com.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.cpta.com.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",进入主界面后,点击主界面左边的”成绩查询“按钮:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqspnxW5qH5rjvhLBefayeh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":510,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"登录人事网","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/04f6029a819b44e58d2f1e774a7398a8","width":1031},"text":"","id":"doxcnI6f7K8fSkaXi02nvLZZnTe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"进入成绩查询","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmh2e4q6P74HsX3YLIb8qAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"输入身份证号、姓名、验证码三项,然后点击查询按钮:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCrSxEKv4Cx6qOakkUB4ENg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":261,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"进入成绩查询","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b1efad3610b649d68a1717eab2c1722d","width":512},"text":"","id":"doxcnpSNpHQWS6VwVPkeRWxSseh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnrOmS0iSizMB4oiK0dd6cWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如:2020年的一级建造师考试时间是9月,那就选择2020年9月,在右边选择一级建造师执业资格考试,点击进入。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni2Wmgmoz6JvLQomckm36Pe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":347,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选择考试时间","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/990f380a3c1149fcb37b46761a0062d0","width":644},"text":"","id":"doxcnwtxJHBTrMeHvRz7CcXp8Uh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"显示成绩界面","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW9Obeb2Y0ntzz0t5bpPboh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":219,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"显示成绩界面","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d080fc7ebaf9430e8906025ca7a5b396","width":639},"text":"","id":"doxcnduqh2WWeG6YiSIzGspQ8Xd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlQmqTBfFtOLQp9mOpUWh4b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniTp5ICb3VvSsKXxIV3ECJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一级建造师考试结束到拿到证书差不多要半年的时间,一建考试结束三个月后要发布成绩,之后两个月需要提交办理证书的相关资料和手续,一切结束后还要等两三个月,一建证书才会下发,具体一建证书的领取时间可以看官网的通知。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnypFVjUt5Rcur4DCz12vsBh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"领取证书资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1lnwLyzibgea8k7ymipdQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本人领取须持本人身份证原件、二寸免冠证件照片、准考证原件。如果是代领,代领人须持本人身份证原件及上述要求的证件。考生的一建成绩通过,领取证书时人事考试院会有通知,或在官网发布,或以信件形式通知,因此想要领取通知,要以官方的通知为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvNTF3D6HZWeCBXi69Exgxy"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"领书","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZ8Eac6yDZdJq5WRwSexsCQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"遗失准考证的考生,必须本人自行领取,其他人不得代领。如果本人知道档案号的,领取时请出示身份证;如果忘记了档案号,可到人才考评中心现场查询,并携带考生身份证前来领取。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDO2RoinrdC6nhKPRyManTe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"个人领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnD3FuZ1XYQwLR5SqRapr4Ty"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果是个人领取,需要凭本人有效身份证原件或成绩单领取,成绩单在查询成绩时可以直接打印。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnj5gnGrwSGiNcOmI8QjVhVf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"代领","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfqm2xU8dsAK6XSG3VfCLDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果是他人或单位代领,需要考生凭代领人及持证人有效身份证原件,需要注意的是,有些省禁止他人代领。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnintjrl5GM2ZyIXdIPTCPSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮寄","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPxezC40YIRLS0rQtzUEpzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"部分地区会有证书邮寄、单位代领服务,可见不同地区一级建造师证的领取方式不相同,具体要看所在地区的规定。如果是邮寄的话,需要考生在网络自己申请。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnybf8jYuBqSdF92zwvt2Jcc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":592,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"邮寄","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b19a4a59df84c48ab932fced26141cc","width":850},"text":"","id":"doxcnF739yqIWitL1yDIC7UuDYb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnavDFaz6CTRU5XokaIPDBxa"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","tex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我们常说“字如其人”“见字如面”,可见写一手好字的重要性。特别是在当下,越来越多的考试采用答题卡,网上阅卷,字体的清楚、整洁、美观成为取得优异成绩的首要条件。因此,在小学阶段练一手好字就显得尤为必要。
写字习惯
从孩子一年级学习写字开始,掌握正确的写字姿势,养成良好的写字习惯,才有助于孩子的身体发育,视力保护,同时这也是在为中高年级孩子较为轻松地提升写字速度做准备。
坐姿
孩子的坐姿是家长最容易关注的点,要求做到:头正、肩平、身直、足。其中“足安”可能会被大家忽略,那就是双脚自然平放在地上,全脚掌着地,双腿分开约与肩同宽,此时孩子的整个坐姿才是稳定的。
同时还要做到“一拳一尺一寸”,也就是身体距桌子一拳,眼睛离课本一尺(约33厘米),握笔手指离笔尖约一寸(约3.3厘米),不含胸驼背。
坐端正后,还可以提醒孩子将写字的书本放在书桌正前方的中央,摆正后再来书写,避免歪歪斜斜地摆放。
在孩子学习写字的初期,家长可以利用儿歌、口诀多加督促提醒,帮助孩子有意识地养成良好的坐姿习惯。
握笔姿势
握笔姿势和坐姿要从小抓起。儿童肌肉的发育是不平衡的,做精细动作的能力较差,握笔写字是比较费劲的。家长要耐心指导,帮助孩子掌握正确的握笔方法。
1、首先将大拇指和食指伸出
2、俩指轻合成圆环状。
3、笔杆穿过圆环,再由中指从下往上自然挺住,把笔杆固定在三角架中。
注意
1、笔杆放在拇指、食指和中指的三个指梢之间,食指在前,拇指在左后,中指在右下,食指应较拇指低些。手指尖应距笔尖约3厘米(约一寸)
2、笔杆与作业本保持六十度的倾斜,掌心虚圆,指关节略弯曲。笔杆勿靠于虎口处。
练字前准备
选笔
练字一般分软笔和硬笔两种。顾名思义软笔即如毛笔这样的软质笔头,而硬笔多指铅笔、钢笔、圆珠笔这类硬质笔头。我们大多数人只是希望平时能写好字,因此可以直接从硬笔开始练习,无需进行毛笔书法练习。毕竟软笔字的书写方法与硬笔字还是有些不同的。
铅笔在硬笔里笔头相较更具韧性,能体现落笔的轻重,进而更有利于字帖练字的基础——控笔技巧的掌握。而钢笔更能够体现出书法的笔锋,能做到顿笔、收笔的区别,使我们更容易掌握书法的技巧。
1、铅笔
适合儿童和初学者,有助于表现笔画粗细,练出笔锋。
2、中性笔
价廉易取,容易控制,0.7和1.0的笔芯较适合用于练习。
3、钢笔
最能表现笔画的顿挫和书写的节奏。但钢笔的出水量比普通笔大,需选择有一定厚度的纸张进行练习。
选字帖
字帖大致分为凹槽字帖和描红字帖两种。先说结论,凹槽字帖是较不推荐的。因为用凹槽字帖练字,我们只要着笔在字帖上跟着凹槽来回画就行了,令你很难掌握基础的控笔技巧,对练字的帮助就较为有限。而描红字帖一般也不太推荐使用半透明纸张进行描红,因为这样你没法仔细观察文字的结构及笔法,我们更建议直接在字帖上描红练习。
选字体
练字是一个需要耐心且需要掌握基础的练习,没有捷径可言。我们要先学会各个笔画笔顺的练习,再进行楷书练习,最后才能选你喜欢的大师字帖进行练习。因此,如果跳过基础练习,直接进行大师字体临摹,很可能练习多年也不得要领,写不出好字。
正式练字
每个年龄段的孩子有不同的写字要求。
低年级
对于低年级的孩子来说,首要的要求是把字写正确。课后的生字表中会出示要求会写字的笔画、笔顺、部首等,书写前需要认真观察,看清楚再下笔。刚开始写时,尽量仿照书中出示的楷体,一笔一画模仿写。
需要特别注意的有:
1、先看清楚笔顺再动笔写,混乱的笔顺后期很难纠正!
2、汉字在田字格中的位置要居中,大小适中,上下左右都要留出一定的位置。
3、学会观察字的结构,如上下结构、左右结构、半包围结构等,还要注意不同结构的占格,如“你”字左窄右宽,“卧”字左宽右窄。
4、学会观察重要笔画。
一个字中最长的笔画及它在田字格中的位置,如“耳”字中最长的横是第六笔,写在横中线下,从左到右微微向上倾斜。
“目”“垂”这类字中“横”较多,每横之间的距离要基本相等。
左右结构的字会出现“穿插避让”,如“林”字左边的“木”最后一笔要写成“点”。
最后一笔为“捺”时,如“八”“木”要特别注意下笔舒展,渐加力至捺脚重按笔出锋,不能写成“点”。
5、低年级时对孩子的要求应该是把字写正确、规范,而不是过于追求和字帖一样的美观,这样过高的要求可能会打击孩子写字的积极性。如果想引导孩子练出起笔、顿笔、收笔,可以利用和教材配套的字帖,其中会对每个字的笔顺、占格、笔画位置等有较为详细的指导;也可以将楷体字放大,先引导孩子观察笔画的走向、特点,再模仿练习。
中年级
在低年级把字写正确的基础上,中年级的孩子应把重点放在练习把字写端正。此时,孩子手部的精细动作得到了进一步的发展,书写更加熟练、自如,练字的关注点就可以是如何把一个字写美观,也就是更加注重练习起笔、行笔、顿笔、收笔等书写要领。主要的方法还可以延续临摹字帖,此时不建议给孩子用透明类的字帖,这样的字帖纸张过于轻薄,不便于书写;此外,离开了下面的“模子”,孩子对于汉字在田字格中的占位、书写要领等可能印象并不深刻。
中年级孩子开始尝试用钢笔练字,由铅笔到钢笔的转换,部分孩子可能不适应,而产生不愿换笔的现象。但其实一开始写不好钢笔字是正常的,正是因为如此,才更体现出练字的必要性。此时要注意,不要以圆珠笔代替钢笔,这样写字时可能更为整洁,但难以达到提升书写能力的目的。
还有一点需要提醒的是,中年级是孩子错别字的高发期,此时用钢笔书写难免产生勾画涂抹的情况,对于写错的字,应用规范的删除符号“/”划去,这样才能保证书面整洁。
高年级
等孩子到高年级,写字的关注点就从“一个字”转变为“一篇字”,在写好每个字的基础上,注意字与字之间的间隔,行与行之间的空隙,追求整篇字的美观。
还要有意识地提高写字的速度,在保证字体规范、工整的前提下,尽可能快地书写。这也是需要练习的,例如看要抄写的内容时看一句话,而不是每次只看一个词或几个字;书写时不过于追求每个字的美观;字体大小适中;保持正确的握笔姿势;平时加强识字写字练习等。
练字步骤
控笔训练
从练字的角度,把控笔练习分为三个阶段:
第一阶段:协调力控笔训练。不管细节,只找感觉,这是为了练习手腕、手指和笔之间的协调能力,纠正勾腕、攥拳等错误握笔姿势。
第二阶段:精度控笔训练。按照线条轨迹和粗细变化进行练习,切实注意起止位置,全面提升大脑对手部动作的控制能力,真正做到手笔合一。
第三阶段:美感控笔训练。按照斐波那契螺旋比例找到黄金分割点,按照黄金分割比例将笔画、偏旁进行排列,让字写得更美观。
扩展资料
首先,笔画练习不具备纠正勾腕、攥拳等错误握笔姿势的能力。有关数据统计显示,从笔画开始练字,我国少年儿童错误握笔姿势问题一直居高不下,用力过大、写字太慢、歪歪扭扭、写字太累等等,久而久之,甚至造成手指、脊椎发育出现问题。
其次,笔画练习不具备控笔元素所具有的线条轨迹和粗细变化,要做到手笔合一,对于初学练字者来说,这是难上加难,而具备这种细微笔画的拿捏能力之后,练习笔画就会变得水到渠成。一个控笔元素最多可以用在21个笔画上边,这也是练习控笔元素优于直接练习笔画的一个方面。
第三,美感训练是控笔元素具备而笔画无力能及的又一特点,经过专门的美学训练,可以非常轻松地按照斐波那契螺旋比例找到黄金分割点,按照黄金分割比例将笔画、偏旁进行排列,让字写得更美观。
基础笔画训练
运笔的基本笔法:中锋、侧锋、偏锋、起笔、行笔、收笔、藏锋、露锋、提笔、按笔、疾笔、涩笔、转与折。
美的线条当是来龙去脉交待清楚、行笔流畅自如、轻重缓急得当,呈现出美的形态与神态,充满活力,或轻或重、或缓或急、或刚或柔,归于自然。
中锋
即指中锋用笔。中锋运笔时,笔尖时刻保持在线条的中心部位,落纸后,笔尖的方向和笔运行的方向在一条直线上。中锋行笔时,笔尖在笔画中间,两边的笔毫一齐用力,墨迹向两边渗透均匀,写出来的笔画厚实、凝练。中锋在篆书、楷书、隶书中运用的特别广泛。
侧锋
侧锋又叫做偏锋,与中锋相对。侧锋用笔,笔入纸后,笔尖的方向与笔运行的方向往往呈一个角度。如写“横”时,顺锋竖入,向右下顿笔,此时笔尖朝左上方,当我们向右稍拖带时,笔的运行方向是朝右的,笔尖方向和运笔方向就有一个夹角。侧锋写出来的点画,往往一侧较厚实,一侧较单薄,这与侧锋是单侧笔毫用力有关。
“中锋取骨,侧锋取妍”,侧锋在行、草书中运用的很广。
起笔、行笔、收笔
行书的基本笔画,在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。所谓起笔,就是书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔;行笔,就是书写笔画的中间运笔;收笔,就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画,左边起笔,中为行笔,右为收笔,起笔有轻有重,行笔有快有慢,收笔有回有露。
提笔、按笔
钢笔行书的用笔也很讲究提按,以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔,就是笔从纸面提起,笔尖触纸力度小,笔画要细;所谓按笔,就是笔尖在纸上往下按,笔尖触纸力度大,笔画要粗一些。
翻笔、折笔
翻笔,一般是向上取逆势,上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑,如“古”字的横,“人”、“有”的撇,都是用翻笔写成的。折笔,一般是向下、向右取顺势,如“口”字的横折、"山"字的竖折,都是用折笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔,都要求用笔慢而用力。
风格,指用锋的深浅。
使转和方圆
在书写的过程中,随点画之势运笔,带来了运腕方向上的不断变化。诸多的变化归纳起来,用“使转”二字便能概括。“纵横牵制谓之使,钩环盘纡谓之转。”(王绂《论书》)。点画的“遣送”为使,点画的“交接变向”为转。“使”皆实,“转”有虚,“转”更难。转笔作用很大,极须用意。它即是换笔,又是调笔,方法也需视情况而变。
写字口诀
小小一点要点好,学会顿笔很重要;
横要平,竖要直,撇有锋,捺有脚;
提钩要尖折有角,行笔轻快要记牢;
认真练习功夫到,笔画健美字才好。
18个基本笔画运笔示意图
一、长横
二、竖画
三、撇
四、点
五、卧钩
六、竖撇
七、竖弯钩
八、平捺
九、戈钩
十、垂露竖
十一、捺
十二、竖折
十三、竖钩
十四、提钩
十五、撇点
十六、平撇
十七、横撇
十八、横折
偏旁部首训练
汉字的偏旁部首是指各种点画的固定搭配,是汉字的结构单位,是构成汉字的基础,重复出现的频率极高,具有极为普遍的代表性。它们在汉字中的形态基本固定,并具有一定的书写规律,因此掌握偏旁部首的写法,狠抓偏旁部首,不失为一条最为有效的捷径,对学习汉字结构也是一条快捷之路。同时,偏旁部首书写的正确与否,直接关系到字形的美观,所以在学习钢笔书法的结构前,有必要先掌握汉字各种偏旁部首的正确写法。同时,掌握好一个偏旁部首,即可举一反三地运用到其他很多字当中去,可达到事半功倍的效果。
汉字的偏旁部首常用的有82种,一般归纳为:字头、字底、左偏旁、右偏旁、包围五大类。
字头
字底
左偏旁
右偏旁
包围
认识字形结构
汉字的结构对称特点,主要是指汉字的字形结构具有几何学上的对称意义,它的构形笔画或几部件以某个线(面)为轴相互折普后或平移后可以左右或上下重聲(完全重普或部分重叠),具有冗余信息或重复的视觉信息,因此而区别于其它非结构对称汉字。
根据对称的种类及层次,结构对称汉字具体可细分为以下几种情况:
1、上下部件结构对称:如吕、昌等。
2、左右部件结构对称:如比、林、非等。
3、内外部件结构对称:如回等。
4、部分部件结构对称:如以中间部件为轴对称:如辩、斑等;字形下部的部件结构对称:如丽、翁等;字形上部的部件结构对称:如丛、琶等;字形左边的部件结构对称:如彬等,字形右边的部件结构对称:如琳等。
5、部件多层重叠的结构对称:如、鑫等。
6、独体字中的结构对称:如田、中等。据作者初步统计,在国家语言文字工作委员会汉字处编的《现代汉语通用字表》(北京:语文出版社,1989)收集的7000个通用的汉字中,上述各类结构对称的汉字达612个,占通用汉字总数的8.74%。其教学过程及步骤如下:
第一阶段:形象地显示自然界的对称规律。大自然中无处不存在着对称现象。因此,可采用实物、图片、幻灯以及录象等各种形象的手段,让学生了解大自然所表现的种种对称性。如雕塑、建筑、植物、动物中的对称。然后让学生到自已的周围去找各种对称的事物。如自己的身体,双耳、双眼、双鼻孔、双手、双脚的对称,从而使学生初步感知对称的美,并迁移到汉字学形结构对称的感知中来。第二阶段:直观地识别对称的基本的独体字汉字的字形形象而多变,但大都具有结构对称的特点。教学时,可采用直观形象的图画让学生体会汉字的结构对称的美。由幻灯或 CAI 展示实物或景象﹣展示古时的汉字﹣展示演变至今的对称汉字﹣揭示其对称的规律。如教左右对称的独体字“雨”,可首先展示雨景,让学生观察雨点方向,继而展示一个古时的“雨”字,最后展示演变至今的“雨”,引导学生了解从图到字中发现四点的方向是一致的,而如果四点的方向不一,这个字的整体对称美就不能表达出来。实际上,学生在观察和描述中已感受到这种对称美,只不过无法用“对称”这个词表达出来。有的上下左右都对称的独体字如“田、日”等除了采用以上方法,还可以让学生通过折折,剪一剪的方法来体会这种对称的规律。把纸对折再对折,画一个空心“口”字,再用剪刀剪出这个字,把这个“口”字打开来,就是“田”字。第三阶段:分类地识别各种结构对称的合体字。
当学生初步感知对称这一概念,学会了对称的独体字后,可传授各种适合这类对称汉字的识字方法,归类识别各种对称的合体字,并逐步培养学生独立识别各类对称汉字的能力。①字谜法适用于上下、左右、内外以及多层重叠对称的合体字。学生对这类字很感兴趣,可让学生编字谜,师生互猜字谜来识别。如“三火是焱,三金是鑫”等等。②颜色标注法适用于部分部件对称的汉字。可用彩色粉笔标出合体中的对称部分,如下部对称的“翁”字中的“羽”,右边对称的“琳”字中的“林”等等,对于以中间部件为轴对称的字,如班,可用色标标出其中间部分。③儿歌分解法同样适用于部分件对称的汉字。如“丛”一一左右两人走钢丝。另外,当学生掌握了一定的识字方法后,还可鼓励学生新创各种合适的方法来识别各种对称的生字,激发学生字的兴趣。
规范字书写练习
购买适合自己的字贴进行练习。
1、司马彦 | 人教版课课练:字体规范、人教版教材适用(各年级都有) 。
2、金枝叶 | 小学生生字摹写本人教版课本同步练字帖:描红、临帖结合 。
3、华夏万卷 | 人教版课本同步写字课字帖:内容系统全面(各年级都有)。
4、墨点 | 衡水体高中英语字帖:衡水体 。
5、学才 | 小学生英语单元同步词汇:同步词汇 。
6、六品堂 | 凹槽行楷/楷书练字帖:凹槽+临摹。
7、金枝叶 | 儿童初学者凹槽练字帖:幼儿、凹槽。
适合的字帖
1、清晰
按照现在的印刷技术,清晰是基本没有问题的。可清晰有时候是假的。有些出版商,为了让字帖更清晰,更具有迷惑性,在制版的时候会将图片深度锐化。
2、选择高端版本
所谓的高端版本是指初版、第一版印刷的。印刷次数多了,难免会有误差。选择字帖,应该苛刻到“下真迹一等”或者尽可能靠近原作的那种。
3、选择全彩色印刷
高清全彩色印刷的字帖尽管贵一些,但你能从中捕捉和发现很多信息。诸如原作用的什么纸张,墨色深浅如何等等,好的全彩色字帖,都能看出来线条叠加的痕迹,并能分析出来用笔速度、正确的用笔方法来。
4、复制品
复制品的概念,可不能简单理解成印刷品。复制品,其实就是按照原大、原色、原样、原材质复制的,它几乎可以理解成真迹的克隆品。复制品的好处就是你几乎是在面对真迹。线条的张力,墨色,纸张的颜色,气息等等字帖所不能表现的因素,它都有。
5、字帖有标明尺寸
这个尺寸指的是作品本身的尺寸。只有有了尺寸,才会判断出来原作到底有多大,字有多大,线条有多粗,然后才会明白原作到底有多大的技术难度。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们常说“字如其人”“见字如面”,可见写一手好字的重要性。特别是在当下,越来越多的考试采用答题卡,网上阅卷,字体的清楚、整洁、美观成为取得优异成绩的首要条件。因此,在小学阶段练一手好字就显得尤为必要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYGSUw6K0GAAmeKLPmmONUc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写字习惯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6CaigIgAM4Q8C473kBrV4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从孩子一年级学习写字开始,掌握正确的写字姿势,养成良好的写字习惯,才有助于孩子的身体发育,视力保护,同时这也是在为中高年级孩子较为轻松地提升写字速度做准备。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUo2uCwkEYcY0yLzLzhFGPP"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna08MkIgEYWysYHcm33HH8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"孩子的坐姿是家长最容易关注的点,要求做到:头正、肩平、身直、足。其中“足安”可能会被大家忽略,那就是双脚自然平放在地上,全脚掌着地,双腿分开约与肩同宽,此时孩子的整个坐姿才是稳定的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuKaaeGSwYqqqEdu3mtZFxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时还要做到“一拳一尺一寸”,也就是身体距桌子一拳,眼睛离课本一尺(约33厘米),握笔手指离笔尖约一寸(约3.3厘米),不含胸驼背。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQGOGmGceaQiU1Lj1VXV9rj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐端正后,还可以提醒孩子将写字的书本放在书桌正前方的中央,摆正后再来书写,避免歪歪斜斜地摆放。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKIYIGIAuu0ew0033YFdlvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在孩子学习写字的初期,家长可以利用儿歌、口诀多加督促提醒,帮助孩子有意识地养成良好的坐姿习惯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniwoWuug46SY0KixxgO3nne"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":337,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/da0be8e32aaf4ec8b7ab135789bffdc2","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnOomI2cMoKsoOeSed5HIHJb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSsCmyCOIE4oucDue7PQ24d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔姿势和坐姿要从小抓起。儿童肌肉的发育是不平衡的,做精细动作的能力较差,握笔写字是比较费劲的。家长要耐心指导,帮助孩子掌握正确的握笔方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnumMWKqIUuUsySoqEXpcGWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先将大拇指和食指伸出","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKcuQGWIOyaIA0Is7b0bC0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、俩指轻合成圆环状。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnquoCoAEGYQgM2hAslEH5Wh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、笔杆穿过圆环,再由中指从下往上自然挺住,把笔杆固定在三角架中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncomCkWUgYmm2aSMJTO8xve"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":338,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/40ea0baa53394179a47f409e4bcaba4f","width":450},"text":"","id":"doxcnIEyu0ygkyyakshk7baK7oc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":" 注意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wOCwk6KAOoYqYd0we3pIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、笔杆放在拇指、食指和中指的三个指梢之间,食指在前,拇指在左后,中指在右下,食指应较拇指低些。手指尖应距笔尖约3厘米(约一寸)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsaOkquAwiKOmakdQkW88Ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、笔杆与作业本保持六十度的倾斜,掌心虚圆,指关节略弯曲。笔杆勿靠于虎口处。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4yEUM48aOYWspPYl5HUBb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练字前准备","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYa2IUeQCWWiSqy0TFL163d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna0mikOyeSWSmwx8jTzjFtg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练字一般分软笔和硬笔两种。顾名思义软笔即如毛笔这样的软质笔头,而硬笔多指铅笔、钢笔、圆珠笔这类硬质笔头。我们大多数人只是希望平时能写好字,因此可以直接从硬笔开始练习,无需进行毛笔书法练习。毕竟软笔字的书写方法与硬笔字还是有些不同的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW0osQ4288OwYotIKVoCmph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔在硬笔里笔头相较更具韧性,能体现落笔的轻重,进而更有利于字帖练字的基础——控笔技巧的掌握。而钢笔更能够体现出书法的笔锋,能做到顿笔、收笔的区别,使我们更容易掌握书法的技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkUA20K4CYQSGMHJ2p1tcWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、铅笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAWUumGSui20Q4JvZmOHv2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"适合儿童和初学者,有助于表现笔画粗细,练出笔锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnso2UaOsWgCG8dMK96DWOK6"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4a2ee06490d1480fa4e9e29cae7fa668","width":377},"text":"","id":"doxcnMQeUC6ymCy4OKwsXCTZvxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAmqYaWcUm0caGOIBGwBZhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"价廉易取,容易控制,0.7和1.0的笔芯较适合用于练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOsE4koe2y2YMoFwXH2rr2d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":297,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6eca07bb4b0c4978a6c7641acab86a98","width":335},"text":"","id":"doxcnaA08C8QUYkIIIpPPXQP8Tf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmeg8UG06CqsguQol2jET7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最能表现笔画的顿挫和书写的节奏。但钢笔的出水量比普通笔大,需选择有一定厚度的纸张进行练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkSMsousI6Kgk0ubl7gkfTd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":800,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cef259df9264645830aeebd3fde9f9d","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcnM4c0mw0g4OYgSMJRTSUX8b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmigIkqCWuGSamwq0oZQaFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖大致分为凹槽字帖和描红字帖两种。先说结论,凹槽字帖是较不推荐的。因为用凹槽字帖练字,我们只要着笔在字帖上跟着凹槽来回画就行了,令你很难掌握基础的控笔技巧,对练字的帮助就较为有限。而描红字帖一般也不太推荐使用半透明纸张进行描红,因为这样你没法仔细观察文字的结构及笔法,我们更建议直接在字帖上描红练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniawgc6moE8SgorYcMFuhmb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":383,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选字帖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/42f777a6210f4397b3b764adf4a4385f","width":440},"text":"","id":"doxcnisYYYg44ssuyYvwSPIOUMg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选字体","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuQmq0QiQqmSyiq1EKkneJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练字是一个需要耐心且需要掌握基础的练习,没有捷径可言。我们要先学会各个笔画笔顺的练习,再进行楷书练习,最后才能选你喜欢的大师字帖进行练习。因此,如果跳过基础练习,直接进行大师字体临摹,很可能练习多年也不得要领,写不出好字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni0EUGYMoSOkecNYrR1ArFb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":407,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选字体","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e7e6d807f5c14347893361b24dfc8ab6","width":304},"text":"","id":"doxcn44UwooIImcyqQtjtGUeXeg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"正式练字","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOCaYoIui4YY2a0AN7E9pXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每个年龄段的孩子有不同的写字要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnugE6IiiQSEUC416F5qlgrh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"低年级","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8kAa48musqYKwrbVRh1HTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于低年级的孩子来说,首要的要求是把字写正确。课后的生字表中会出示要求会写字的笔画、笔顺、部首等,书写前需要认真观察,看清楚再下笔。刚开始写时,尽量仿照书中出示的楷体,一笔一画模仿写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngeEcKqmiUAYYGCKuKNk6kc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"需要特别注意的有:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAiogUSieK84eQhxZqjXple"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、先看清楚笔顺再动笔写,混乱的笔顺后期很难纠正!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny466KKKCYCGYKetveQadHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汉字在田字格中的位置要居中,大小适中,上下左右都要留出一定的位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngEQyWsqoWueIcpPn5kUN4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"学会观察字的结构,如上下结构、左右结构、半包围结构等,还要注意不同结构的占格,如“你”字左窄右宽,“卧”字左宽右窄。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAaY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{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段:协调力控笔训练。不管细节,只找感觉,这是为了练习手腕、手指和笔之间的协调能力,纠正勾腕、攥拳等错误握笔姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnScumSaSQc8I2cbLhMEjYS5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段:精度控笔训练。按照线条轨迹和粗细变化进行练习,切实注意起止位置,全面提升大脑对手部动作的控制能力,真正做到手笔合一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnykaieqqIm22kmMGcZ8TQ9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段:美感控笔训练。按照斐波那契螺旋比例找到黄金分割点,按照黄金分割比例将笔画、偏旁进行排列,让字写得更美观。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQgsiOgu8cUE6wQftgx81hb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"扩展资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuEW2CGGGY8KwsJrmam4Z1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先,笔画练习不具备纠正勾腕、攥拳等错误握笔姿势的能力。有关数据统计显示,从笔画开始练字,我国少年儿童错误握笔姿势问题一直居高不下,用力过大、写字太慢、歪歪扭扭、写字太累等等,久而久之,甚至造成手指、脊椎发育出现问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUS2I6YYOKQc7ppj1vnCF9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其次,笔画练习不具备控笔元素所具有的线条轨迹和粗细变化,要做到手笔合一,对于初学练字者来说,这是难上加难,而具备这种细微笔画的拿捏能力之后,练习笔画就会变得水到渠成。一个控笔元素最多可以用在21个笔画上边,这也是练习控笔元素优于直接练习笔画的一个方面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOiO0Uiw8qUYUUh2bSCmCHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三,美感训练是控笔元素具备而笔画无力能及的又一特点,经过专门的美学训练,可以非常轻松地按照斐波那契螺旋比例找到黄金分割点,按照黄金分割比例将笔画、偏旁进行排列,让字写得更美观。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn68I8WWSuOueCiMlTz6kiBb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基础笔画训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGsmQqqAQGAISCoqdn1EvSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"运笔的基本笔法:中锋、侧锋、偏锋、起笔、行笔、收笔、藏锋、露锋、提笔、按笔、疾笔、涩笔、转与折。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWCOMiuWSoUg2KuTvzxHZxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美的线条当是来龙去脉交待清楚、行笔流畅自如、轻重缓急得当,呈现出美的形态与神态,充满活力,或轻或重、或缓或急、或刚或柔,归于自然。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwu0qo4QwSMuImmlMIbXNCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsCYSgwSaMqUiy6IVl9H3Bc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"即指中锋用笔。中锋运笔时,笔尖时刻保持在线条的中心部位,落纸后,笔尖的方向和笔运行的方向在一条直线上。中锋行笔时,笔尖在笔画中间,两边的笔毫一齐用力,墨迹向两边渗透均匀,写出来的笔画厚实、凝练。中锋在篆书、楷书、隶书中运用的特别广泛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUYeeCi6a0SiqWBtkhbRxc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyIuykMO8iAMkWzi34ISNhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋又叫做偏锋,与中锋相对。侧锋用笔,笔入纸后,笔尖的方向与笔运行的方向往往呈一个角度。如写“横”时,顺锋竖入,向右下顿笔,此时笔尖朝左上方,当我们向右稍拖带时,笔的运行方向是朝右的,笔尖方向和运笔方向就有一个夹角。侧锋写出来的点画,往往一侧较厚实,一侧较单薄,这与侧锋是单侧笔毫用力有关。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaQcMMwiGEqS0kre8o9Pted"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“中锋取骨,侧锋取妍”,侧锋在行、草书中运用的很广。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsQIMIyemC0O8MpOfQGOUqf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起笔、行笔、收笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsEQIaSqwU8iicX9ytmvwXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的基本笔画,在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。所谓起笔,就是书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔;行笔,就是书写笔画的中间运笔;收笔,就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画,左边起笔,中为行笔,右为收笔,起笔有轻有重,行笔有快有慢,收笔有回有露。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCCASE2aoyc8YCKhjfUc3Jd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniOWuiskk4Oek8hwdJEJrNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔行书的用笔也很讲究提按,以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔,就是笔从纸面提起,笔尖触纸力度小,笔画要细;所谓按笔,就是笔尖在纸上往下按,笔尖触纸力度大,笔画要粗一些。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnawAukQQSKk68cFRQcBDmee"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna4Qi46YII0Mw8PdAqUCgte"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔,一般是向上取逆势,上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑,如“古”字的横,“人”、“有”的撇,都是用翻笔写成的。折笔,一般是向下、向右取顺势,如“口”字的横折、\\"山\\"字的竖折,都是用折笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔,都要求用笔慢而用力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6OoQuMo44QoocV7fMpbnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"风格,指用锋的深浅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0sAqCwYqqgegWS6GCV7Y2g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"使转和方圆 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4gUWiSMAEesQC07vayZWlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在书写的过程中,随点画之势运笔,带来了运腕方向上的不断变化。诸多的变化归纳起来,用“使转”二字便能概括。“纵横牵制谓之使,钩环盘纡谓之转。”(王绂《论书》)。点画的“遣送”为使,点画的“交接变向”为转。“使”皆实,“转”有虚,“转”更难。转笔作用很大,极须用意。它即是换笔,又是调笔,方法也需视情况而变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK2ACiiaOKqmYmaHvNHikCd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWaukGqCGS26gKOTlhW9rJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小小一点要点好,学会顿笔很重要;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSgEOsmc4AEeGGsXifw8d9d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"横要平,竖要直,撇有锋,捺有脚;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQC6sg8UgIUauGADpgOa1Od"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提钩要尖折有角,行笔轻快要记牢;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM4WA8CKkGeuuIbQ3EHh5ch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"认真练习功夫到,笔画健美字才好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKC4MuKOWEWE0wr5jdfeGih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18个基本笔画运笔示意图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIkOUUo2iQ0yOUpIDcwJKGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、长横","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng6gaaqa846CqaewLCFOKre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/21fd95c3ce7e47718003a533aa8ac251","width":475},"text":"","id":"doxcnqQ6Y42IsSuEoOo7aZSnHUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、竖画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqAK6i4286MOi6DlK7gKSf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":396,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cec30bac1c74c779a94ac516816bd9f","width":498},"text":"","id":"doxcnk0e8gMs8MI6us1uJTtb3Fg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、撇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22yswookeokESiNVl00Tkd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/98ac21736f5745499b1b64b4f40b1322","width":441},"text":"","id":"doxcna262kqIaQ4iC0KpjpMnRrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK4aaKqsYYQ2WO2z2vtZRkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2YI6QsKsYEEgMnlnnuy42e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":399,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b53798eca6344b61a0566084ab985059","width":552},"text":"","id":"doxcnceCIMCEU4musp1Tk2B7fEX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKkuKmYAYwAaU2TlhKDBFUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、卧钩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmWMcumuiCyOeOWCNwRHOvd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":480,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9781ff91f8f6414091b740f4fcaaed1c","width":507},"text":"","id":"doxcnUCqk8gaqAIoshJ4Zfdortw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六、竖撇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmqC2KSYOo26WwxYoqxMdtg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f5892b20b8e041318bd0afa228b21876","width":567},"text":"","id":"doxcnwOkoSag4EEOk8dsczFAz2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"七、竖弯钩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIaoK0KscSk040UEM6FRR4f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":440,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9e3a2000f54843cc87e499a98ca71d0e","width":589},"text":"","id":"doxcn8ySEmk0SOGiGqmmPDDXrtl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"八、平捺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni46GQI28aEsGCKtaVsb6ld"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":389,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/715abe136b4f4159844bb2799eb48dfe","width":573},"text":"","id":"doxcnYWoggUy6864Y4EDv3qomVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"九、戈钩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUkY664Gs4uSAakTISbCqUd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":530,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/81108067aeb44b28867b2ed98bcbdc81","width":583},"text":"","id":"doxcnQa4e2eueEOc8QFB57L0xDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十、垂露竖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny0asqeqekGmOOSJ1cqBjIb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写字口诀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f56a14e90f9f4877a8bdde84c949b6d5","width":565},"text":"","id":"doxcnmms08wK4G0QiGyyi5z04ng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十一、捺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny8ssM8aoQUQaMzvBvKawRb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"he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字头","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSG0MmAy6Y6q4COqC7gYflb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":204,"note":[{"type":"text","text":" 字头","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/01e2db40252e4cb186a36a130f606fbf","width":542},"text":"","id":"doxcn8Guq8gCSaIwikBwrM4Wa3m"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"字底","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnESqUCWEG0YgyK58XSWFicR"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":238,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"字底","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1450781ac3b74636b55dec3e9c161cd1","width":538},"text":"","id":"doxcnUaIwiWYO8Go0APqhD2X6qg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"左偏旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0okWIamCukY2K4gMCZsRHc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":321,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"左偏旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d881835be71747d0926906d6b12d173a","width":530},"text":"","id":"doxcngAimWYk20cog00pjwka9sd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"右偏旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4EoQWowKeUKwMvxaNT2prd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":212,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"右偏旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58dbaf9e34a74e53be3bae55277ffe31","width":508},"text":"","id":"doxcnmSwyu4k4IMOAEDbDdqRJQf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"包围","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCqAIaUEK4mWaI9YifgkP1f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":294,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"包围","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7f42005e2b1d4a6b8f5cf238614a9e57","width":544},"text":"","id":"doxcnCEM6wag4SyQwPTbv6cjoJB"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识字形结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiwkcyKIIE2WG8WU0HxJwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"汉字的结构对称特点,主要是指汉字的字形结构具有几何学上的对称意义,它的构形笔画或几部件以某个线(面)为轴相互折普后或平移后可以左右或上下重聲(完全重普或部分重叠),具有冗余信息或重复的视觉信息,因此而区别于其它非结构对称汉字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2uuOWsI4EGWUuOhz6ObFvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据对称的种类及层次,结构对称汉字具体可细分为以下几种情况:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncYUk4c0GcQIeOC2lbs0i0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、上下部件结构对称:如吕、昌等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkgIOkSuMeqwwQj6Jwhnz4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、左右部件结构对称:如比、林、非等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA6e62sKWUCiUUJcJcqpQ9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、内外部件结构对称:如回等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns8uWkyUCoAmi27hTDw5Tcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、部分部件结构对称:如以中间部件为轴对称:如辩、斑等;字形下部的部件结构对称:如丽、翁等;字形上部的部件结构对称:如丛、琶等;字形左边的部件结构对称:如彬等,字形右边的部件结构对称:如琳等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEAYgEAU606oAMnBJpJW3qf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、部件多层重叠的结构对称:如、鑫等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniaKeUGIkq0a8IpVYnPPUBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、独体字中的结构对称:如田、中等。\\\据作者初步统计,在国家语言文字工作委员会汉字处编的《现代汉语通用字表》(北京:语文出版社,1989)收集的7000个通用的汉字中,上述各类结构对称的汉字达612个,占通用汉字总数的8.74%。\\\","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"其教学过程及步骤如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncOsIUey4Em6aAxFxlJVXJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段:形象地显示自然界的对称规律。\\\大自然中无处不存在着对称现象。因此,可采用实物、图片、幻灯以及录象等各种形象的手段,让学生了解大自然所表现的种种对称性。如雕塑、建筑、植物、动物中的对称。然后让学生到自已的周围去找各种对称的事物。如自己的身体,双耳、双眼、双鼻孔、双手、双脚的对称,从而使学生初步感知对称的美,并迁移到汉字学形结构对称的感知中来。\\\第二阶段:直观地识别对称的基本的独体字\\\汉字的字形形象而多变,但大都具有结构对称的特点。教学时,可采用直观形象的图画让学生体会汉字的结构对称的美。由幻灯或 CAI 展示实物或景象﹣展示古时的汉字﹣展示演变至今的对称汉字﹣揭示其对称的规律。如教左右对称的独体字“雨”,可首先展示雨景,让学生观察雨点方向,继而展示一个古时的“雨”字,最后展示演变至今的“雨”,引导学生了解从图到字中发现四点的方向是一致的,而如果四点的方向不一,这个字的整体对称美就不能表达出来。实际上,学生在观察和描述中已感受到这种对称美,只不过无法用“对称”这个词表达出来。有的上下左右都对称的独体字如“田、日”等除了采用以上方法,还可以让学生通过折折,剪一剪的方法来体会这种对称的规律。把纸对折再对折,画一个空心“口”字,再用剪刀剪出这个字,把这个“口”字打开来,就是“田”字。\\\","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段:分类地识别各种结构对称的合体字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGQooykMiOKO8e24T9CoJ1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当学生初步感知对称这一概念,学会了对称的独体字后,可传授各种适合这类对称汉字的识字方法,归类识别各种对称的合体字,并逐步培养学生独立识别各类对称汉字的能力。\\\①字谜法\\\适用于上下、左右、内外以及多层重叠对称的合体字。学生对这类字很感兴趣,可让学生编字谜,师生互猜字谜来识别。如“三火是焱,三金是鑫”等等。\\\②颜色标注法\\\适用于部分部件对称的汉字。可用彩色粉笔标出合体中的对称部分,如下部对称的“翁”字中的“羽”,右边对称的“琳”字中的“林”等等,对于以中间部件为轴对称的字,如班,可用色标标出其中间部分。\\\③儿歌分解法\\\同样适用于部分件对称的汉字。如“丛”一一左右两人走钢丝。\\\","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"另外,当学生掌握了一定的识字方法后,还可鼓励学生新创各种合适的方法来识别各种对称的生字,激发学生字的兴趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW2wW4ekqqg0k4I5erDaOZd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"规范字书写练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQSoi62qaqcqKETbVuo7DKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买适合自己的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"字贴","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"进行练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmGsAIgaW4KMIAvAT02qNnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、司马彦 | 人教版课课练:字体规范、人教版教材适用(各年级都有) 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnagCQGK4sg8eG0Sny0Qf3Fb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、金枝叶 | 小学生生字摹写本人教版课本同步练字帖:描红、临帖结合 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEYA8QK0QSksE4W4LgUV6Td"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、华夏万卷 | 人教版课本同步写字课字帖:内容系统全面(各年级都有)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns2IGo2yWUUCEUXF7cpsH8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 4、墨点 | 衡水体高中英语字帖:衡水体 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUegKse6iYmEEF6zFqXSrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、学才 | 小学生英语单元同步词汇:同步词汇 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8uesMou8YyYKo0cpoTzce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、六品堂 | 凹槽行楷/楷书练字帖:凹槽+临摹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnksOKKkW2OSqwELVsHfHjig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、金枝叶 | 儿童初学者凹槽练字帖:幼儿、凹槽。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGIyOsg8CwuM8AT8yfHAERh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"适合的字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIAacyyEQ0icaS43XlEMTjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、清晰","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE6w8OSC6QquAAbCTfY7VYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按照现在的印刷技术,清晰是基本没有问题的。可清晰有时候是假的。有些出版商,为了让字帖更清晰,更具有迷惑性,在制版的时候会将图片深度锐化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuOcGEyAM4qigUbD8yrG8Vh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、选择高端版本","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqE0YYgSWy4COC2zuiBkCkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓的高端版本是指初版、第一版印刷的。印刷次数多了,难免会有误差。选择字帖,应该苛刻到“下真迹一等”或者尽可能靠近原作的那种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmOUUmgYqoa2iaidNaKeBrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、选择全彩色印刷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm6k6qECsGM4gisaohkg4kb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高清全彩色印刷的字帖尽管贵一些,但你能从中捕捉和发现很多信息。诸如原作用的什么纸张,墨色深浅如何等等,好的全彩色字帖,都能看出来线条叠加的痕迹,并能分析出来用笔速度、正确的用笔方法来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMuIWewGioQsA4hTgmUqB9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、复制品","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneYow4u4uSYoeQrM2TOVnie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"复制品的概念,可不能简单理解成印刷品。复制品,其实就是按照原大、原色、原样、原材质复制的,它几乎可以理解成真迹的克隆品。复制品的好处就是你几乎是在面对真迹。线条的张力,墨色,纸张的颜色,气息等等字帖所不能表现的因素,它都有。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6qAWyuyY0U6Kk844s91Ku1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、字帖有标明尺寸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCIMAyMkWqOCsAzUWphtQ4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这个尺寸指的是作品本身的尺寸。只有有了尺寸,才会判断出来原作到底有多大,字有多大,线条有多粗,然后才会明白原作到底有多大的技术难度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW2yMs0gIUWCOyW36xeqsmK"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E"
优点:与传统桥相比,同等载货情况下汉德桥更轻2%以上,同时传动效率达到了94.5%以上,提升了0.5%,其次是超长的换油周期,10公里才需要更换,轮边50万公里免维护,大大节省开支
缺点:比较贵
雅马哈ax-592功放配置参数是,使用时配100瓦音箱。带AB组喇叭。多重声场选择。功率应该是左右声道各120瓦净功率配遥控器。雅马哈的这个功放属于AV功放带杜比定向环绕系统五声道另外一个声道是加重低音用的,也带DTS解码器六组信号输入有一条光纤输入系统。
不是,汇纳593好,挖斗为合金材质,其他为塑料,会很有金属光泽。硬度很高,强度也很高,而挖掘机的履带也是加厚款,一看就有一种很厚重的感觉,抓地力很强,在沙土上面,也很稳,没有翻车过。
挖掘机的大臂、小臂、挖斗和操作台都可以各自独立操控,也能同时操控,从底盘到大臂、小臂和挖斗的关节点,很轻巧灵敏
汇纳593好,挖斗为合金材质,其他为塑料,会很有金属光泽。硬度很高,强度也很高,而挖掘机的履带也是加厚款,一看就有一种很厚重的感觉,抓地力很强,在沙土上面,也很稳,没有翻车过。
挖掘机的大臂、小臂、挖斗和操作台都可以各自独立操控,也能同时操控,从底盘到大臂、小臂和挖斗的关节点,很轻巧灵敏
浪琴592的基础机芯,就是女版的ETA2892,比561更轻薄更美观。是比较高端的浪琴的小款机芯,而592是595型的升级版。L592将595的单项上链改成了双向,缓解了小机芯上链效率低的问题,钻数增加了了2钻,自动陀变成了浪琴标志性的镂空状。并采用了NIVACHOC避震。